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This is the classic study of the history and continuing philosophical values of the law of nature. D’Entrèves discerned three distinct sources that have contributed to the development of natural law: Roman law teachings, Christian beliefs regarding law, and egalitarian and revolutionary theories of the Enlightenment. Now regarded as a classic work, Natural Law has exercised considerable influence over the course of Anglo-American legal theory in the past forty years… More >>

Natural Law: An Introduction to Legal Philosophy

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There are no fears, this is just politics, and does not deserve the light or air of day, but since we try to do what we can here it is, you know no other nation in the world would have a problem defending its own border.

this is just plain stupid, enforce the law, it is the only hope that a nation has if you fail to do that you will not only be out of a job but you will be out of a country in which to live as well.

Pastors, community activists and immigrant rights groups are trying to mitigate fears caused by a new Arizona law that forces state employees to report undocumented immigrants asking for federal and state benefits.

Last Wednesday, the Arizona Supreme Court dismissed a lawsuit asking for a stay on the law’s implementation filed by the Arizona League of Cities and Towns. The suit questioned the way the law was created. In the next two weeks, the association will decide whether or not to file the challenge again in a lower court..

But another court challenge might be in the works..

“MALDEF (the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund) and I are ready to file a lawsuit in the event there’s a denial of benefits that shouldn’t have been denied, or a prosecution of an employee who shouldn’t have been prosecuted,” said civil rights attorney Daniel Ortega..

HB 2008 took effect Nov. 24 and requires state employees to file a report with immigration authorities when they find out someone applying for a benefit is in the country illegally. Employees could face up to four months in prison for failure to report..

“We’re going to continue enforcing state and federal law like we’ve been doing,” said Department of Economic Security (DES) spokesperson Steve Meissner. “Failure to produce documents is not admission that you’re in the country illegally.”.

DES administers several of the benefits impacted including food stamps and health care insurance. While Meissner said the new law doesn’t change much, applicants will now have to sign a sworn statement that the documents they provide are true..

If applicants say that they are in the country illegally or provide evidence to that effect, state employee will have to file a report with the Office of Customs and Immigration Enforcement (ICE)..

Other agencies like the Arizona Department of Administration have asked for a legal opinion on the matter from the Attorney General’s office. .

The new law, however, does not affect access to emergency health care, police or firefighters. .

Carlos Galindo, host of a Spanish radio show on Radio KASA, is using his talk show to provide accurate information about the new requirements. .

“We’re going to educate people, because they need to know they have rights,” said Galindo. He is trying to send a clear message that U.S. children are entitled to benefits regardless of the status of their parents; and people can still apply for their U.S. children without having to reveal anything about their own immigration status..

Magdalena Schwartz, a pastor at the Disciples of the Kingdom Free United Methodist church, says she has been receiving non-stop calls from immigrant families who are afraid to take their children to doctor’s appointments. She worries that the policy will have the greatest impact on American children, whose parents are afraid to apply for basic things like health care insurance, food stamps or even immunizations for fear of being reported to ICE..

“We are trying to help people by giving them the right information so their children are safe,” said Schwartz. .

Among them is Jazmin, a 24-year-old undocumented woman who is afraid of taking her one-year-old to the doctor. Jazmin, a victim of domestic violence, is also trying to apply for a special visa to adjust her status but feels trapped..

“This benefits are not for me, they are for my children,” said Jazmin, who was able to get help from a local church..

Meanwhile, supporters of the new law are skeptical of claims that it is creating unnecessary fear among immigrants..

“I don’t believe that rhetoric. That’s what they always said,” says Valerie Roller, a member of Riders U.S.A., a local organization that opposes the legalization of undocumented immigrants. “But the emergency rooms empty for a while and they’re filled again,” said Roller, who does not believe the U.S.-born children of undocumented immigrants should be entitled to citizenship..

Supporters of the bill argue it follows the will of Arizona voters who in 2004 approved Proposition 200, aimed at denying public benefits to undocumented immigrants. The impact of that initiative was limited to five programs by an Attorney General’s decision..

“Nothing changed, this is what the voters wanted,” Republican Rep. Steve Montenegro said. “We’re going through difficult economic moments in Arizona. We’re having to cut from so many different areas. It’s only correct to make sure that people that apply and receive benefits are qualified to do so,” he said..

Montenegro says he has looked into concerns that the new law may affect the undocumented parents of U.S. citizens..

“It is not aimed to affect the parent if they are applying for the child, unless the parent is aiming to receive the benefit,” said the representative who voted in favor of the law.

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Now this is interesting, and very informative, want to have a look into some serious information, then this is it,
This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR’d book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring … More >>

Legal opinions of the Honorable Joseph M. White ..

Every nation has its own laws but what about when those laws cross over each other, what then, well that is a grey or black area depending on your perspective. The idea that international law is somehow gaining in a global way is sort of crazy but you cannot deny that there is a case to be made.

Product Description
The International Court of Justice at The Hague is the principal judicial organ of the UN, and the successor of the Permanent Court of International Justice (1923-1946), which was the first real permanent court of justice at the international level. Drawing on previously unpublished archival material left by judges and other persons with intimate knowledge of the Permanent Court, this book describes the ground-breaking contributions of the Permanent Court to interna… More >>

International Legal Argument in the Permanent Court of International Justice: The Rise of the International Judiciary

In a time when we have so many problems, there seems to be an effort to globalize everything, is this really a good idea?
By taking up the challenge of documenting how human rights values are embedded in rule of law movements to produce a new language of international justice that competes with a range of other formations, this book explores how notions of justice are negotiated through everyday micropractices and grassroots contestations of those practices. These micropractices include speech acts that revere the protection of international rights, citation references to treaty docume… More >>

Fictions of Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Challenge of Legal Pluralism in Sub-Saharan Africa

www.DynamicLawyers.com’s Legal Forms + Video Guides were featured on Newstalk 1010 radio’s Tech Talk Show. Michael Carabash (the president and founder of www.DynamicLawyers.com) was interviewed about all things DynamicLawyers.com – including how the website works and the new Legal Forms + Video Guides Project. Michael also fielded comments and questions from interested listeners. This is part 1 of 2.

Author: Mark Ross

UK attorney and Director of Business Development at LawScribe, Inc.
www.law-scribe.com
mross@law-scribe.com

I read with interest the recent San Diego Bar Association Opinion on outsourcing and offshoring. Although it hasn’t attracted quite the press attention, or comment within the various legal offshoring and outsourcing blogs as did the 2006 New York State Bar Opinion, it clearly reinforces the same conclusion reached in the New York Opinion: outsourcing legal services is permitted if certain safeguards are ensured.

I have no intention of simply re-hashing the full text of the Opinion here in my blog – but refer you to the following link http://www.sdcba.org/ethics/ethicsopinion07-1.htm for the Opinion in all its glory.

The Opinion considered a hypothetical case where a California attorney was instructed to defend an intellectual property dispute. The attorney had limited experience in intellectual property litigation and contracted with an offshore legal services company in India to provide legal research, correspondence, and other services in connection with the case. The fees charged by the legal offshore service company were significantly lower than American lawyers would have charged for the same work. None of the Indian attorneys were licensed to practice in any US jurisdiction. The California attorney reviewed the work he received from the offshore company, signed all court submissions, and performed all communications with opposing counsel.

The question was raised: “Does an attorney assist in the unauthorized practice of law, in violation of California Rule of Professional Conduct 1-300, when he or she uses the services of an outsourcing firm to perform research and drafting services on behalf of a client?”

The Opinion then goes on to provide an overkill of analysis as to whether the work performed by the offshore legal service provider came within the definition of “the unauthorized practice of law”. I see no reason to delve into this any further other than to say that the unanimous conclusion was, “NO, the service provided by the offshore provider did not fall within the ‘practice of law’ as defined by the Rules of Professional Conduct”. If the offshore company had been providing legal services directly to the client then it would have been engaged in the unauthorized practice of law; but this was not the issue presented by this particular example. Here, the California attorney consistently exercised his own professional judgment and never allowed the work-product to reach the client without passing through his own review.

It is clear from the New York and San Diego Opinions that an attorney does not aid in the unauthorized practice of law if he retains both supervisory control and full responsibility for tasks that constitute the “practice of law”.

From a practical point of view, a much more valid issue for debate is whether an attorney is ethically obligated to inform his or her client of an arrangement with an outsourcing company. The Opinion indicates that the duty to inform the client is determined by the client’s reasonable expectation as to who will perform those services.

If the work to be performed by the outside service is within the client’s “reasonable expectation under the circumstances” that it will be performed by the attorney, the client must be informed when the service is “outsourced”. Conversely, if the work is not such that it is within the client’s reasonable expectation that it will be performed by the attorney, the attorney is not necessarily required to inform the client of the arrangement.

Unfortunately this seems to be an overly simplistic and static view of the attorney/client relationship and the ever changing world of legal support services. I concur that the drafting of motions and pleadings on a particular case comes within the current definition of what a client would have “reasonable expectations” would be performed by their instructed attorney. However, in the technologically advanced world we now live in, I doubt that most clients would be surprised to learn that their transcription, document coding, and other litigation support services were being outsourced. If this is true, then surely “reasonable expectation” that the work should be performed by the attorney becomes a moot point.

Also, the Opinion only really considers the here and the now. A client’s “reasonable expectations” are not static, immovable, and unchanging over time. The legal industry now operates in a global marketplace and clients are evermore sophisticated and accepting of the concept of globalization. A client’s reasonable expectations today will be vastly different tomorrow. Within a very short period of time I believe that this argument will become redundant. Soon, a client’s only “reasonable expectation” will be that the quality and confidentiality of the work-product is maintained by whoever completes it, wherever he or she may be. In fact, I would go as far to say that we are not far from the day when a client’s reasonable expectations will be that work-product should be outsourced to the most efficient and cost-effective provider!

The Opinion went on to consider, from a practical standpoint, the checks and balances that an attorney should bring into play before contracting with an offshore legal service provider. These points make for some informative reading, although they are of course really only basic common sense.

The general duty of competence requires attorneys to evaluate the quality and reliability of the company providing offshore/outsourced legal services. The extent of that evaluation depends on the facts of each case. This is where the Opinion provides a practical insight into what attorneys should be looking at before blindly offshoring their legal work. The following is a non-exhaustive checklist you should follow to ensure compliance with the duty of competence.

(a) Due diligence: Investigate pertinent background information about the offshore legal service provider company;

(b) Be aware of the qualifications of the individuals who will perform the work;

(c) Obtain references of the company or individuals assigned to perform the work;

(d) Always interview the company in advance;

(e) Request a sample of the work product that is comparable to your project;

(f) Communicate with the non-lawyer during the assignment to ensure that the non-lawyer understands the assignment and is executing it to your expectations;

(g) Review ethical standards with the individuals who will perform the work and incorporate the ethical standards into the terms of the contract with the company.

An additional duty of an attorney who outsources work is to “maintain inviolate the confidence, and at every peril to himself or herself, to preserve the secrets, of his or her client.” See Business & Professions Code section 6068(e). This is especially important as the legal and ethical standards applicable to foreign lawyers may differ from those applicable to domestic lawyers, particularly with respect to client confidentiality, the attorney-client privilege, and conflicts of interests.

The Opinion comments on one unfortunate example of a breach of confidentiality involving an outsourced project subcontracted to India. There, the subcontractor threatened to post confidential patient records on the Internet unless the UC San Francisco Medical Center retrieved money owed to the subcontractor from a middleman. (David Lazarus, Looking Offshore: Outsourced UCSF notes highlight privacy risk. How one offshore worker sent tremor through medical system, S.F. Chron., March 28, 2004.)

Attorneys need to carry out their own research into the confidentiality and security safeguards that the legal services offshoring company they are contemplating contracting with, has in place. See here for details on how LawScribe deals with these crucial concerns.

The Opinion concludes that although permitted outsourcing in no way dilutes the attorney’s professional responsibilities to his or her client. California attorneys may satisfy their obligations to their clients in contracting with offshore legal service providers, but only if they have sufficient knowledge to supervise the outsourced work properly. It is crucial that they also make sure outsourcing does not compromise their other duties to their clients.

The legal outsourcing phenomenon shows no signs of slowing down and I’m sure we can expect to receive more of the same from other State Bar Associations over the coming months.

You know these days, with million dollar judgments for hot coffee spills you can not be too careful, you really do have to cross every t and dot every i because if you do not you could end up in a lot of legal trouble and that is something you just do not want.

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